The basic idea behind electrooptic devices is to alter the optical properties of a. Electrooptic properties of kh 2 po 4 and isomorphs, kdp, kdp dkdp, adp, adp table of material properties appears below the pockels electro optic effect crystals which belong to twenty symmetry classes which lack a center of symmetry can show a linear electro optic effect, that is, a change in refractive indices directly proportional to. Introduction the interaction between the light and matter has. Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for kerr. In the linear electrooptic effect, the size of the perturbation to the refractive index is directly proportional to the strength of the local electrostatic field.
The term encompasses a number of distinct phenomena, which can be subdivided into. The kerr effect is similar to the pockels effect except that the field is applied perpendicular transversely to the incident light, as shown in figure 1b, and a liquid medium is used rather than a crystal. A large number of applications in everyday life depend on the electrooptic effect. The kerr effect, also called the quadratic electrooptic effect, is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. Electrooptic properties of kh and isomorphs, kdp, kdp. The nonlinear optical properties and electrooptic effects of some. The electrooptic effect is the change in the response of a material to light when that material is subjected to an electric field. In our configuration, incorporating an electro optic material in the spacer layer of a fabryperot device creates such a structure whose optical transmission characteristics depend on. A field applied to an anisotropic electro optic material modifies its refractive indices and thereby its effect on polarized light. Electro optic effect, magnetic optic effect, pressure optic effect, molecular beam technique, laser technology, chemical reaction dynamics, collisioninduced optic effect, pressureinduced optic effect 1. Mechanism of the electrooptic effect and nonlinear.
Pdf short peptides made from repeating units of phenylalanine selfassemble into a remarkable variety of micro and nanostructures including tubes. John kerr, scottish physicist 1824 1907 nonlinear in optical effects. The pockels effect first described in 1906 by the german physicist friedrich pockels is the linear electro optic effect, where the refractive index of a medium is modified in proportion to the applied electric field strength. Transverse effect devices avoid the use of transparent electrodes in the light path.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media. Owing to the applied electric field, there is the universal kerr effect. Electro optic control of the superprism effect in photonic crystals david scrymgeour, natalia malkova, sungwon kim, and venkatraman gopalana materials research institute and department of materials science and engineering, pennsylvania state university, university park, pennsylvania 16802 received 17 january 2003. Linearly polarized light light vibrating in one plane, as shown in the figure is passed through a liquid, such as nitrobenzene, contained in a cell with transparent walls.
The electro optic effect in uniaxial crystals of the type xh 2 po 4. Electrooptic control of the superprism effect in photonic. All materials show a kerr effect, but certain liquids display it more strongly than others. Another practical measuring method is based on the electro optic effect. The electro optic effect in uniaxial crystals of the type x h 2 po 4. Photocurrent transients, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, quasi. The electro optic effect is the change in the refractive index resulting from the application of a dc or lowfrequency electric field fig. The effect has been characterized in a wide range of materials, including inorganic crystals mostly ferroelectric compounds, organic and molecular crystals, and crystalline and noncrystalline. Rp photonics encyclopedia pockels effect, electrooptic. Electro optic modulation has been first demonstrated using a poled electro optic polymer films, placed in a fabryperot cavity. Chapter iv other devices electro optic effect electro. A pplyin g an electric field to the crystal in duces a chan ge in the in dices of refraction both ordin ary. The electric field applied to the crystal can alter or induce birefringence by changing the refractive index of the medium. Osa the electrooptic effect in uniaxial crystals of the.
While those sensors mentioned above each has several drawbacks. The electrooptic and acoustooptic effects and modulation of light. Pdf strong electrooptic effect and spontaneous domain. It is the equivalent of the kerr electro optic effect. Electrooptic effects and devices pockels effect and kerr effect, 2nd rdand 3 order nl effects rev. Rp photonics encyclopedia electrooptic effect, pockels.
Electro optic effect magnetic field eddy current effect perme ability joule effect magneto magneto caloric effect magnet o optic effect stress direct piezo electric effect villary effect elastic modulus thermomechanical effect photo elastic effect heat pyro electric effect thermo magne tization thermal expansion. The electro optic effect consists in the change of the refractive index induced by an electric. Chapter iv other devices electro optic effect electro optic effect can be observed when light propagates through a crystal in the presence of an electric field. The fundamental mechanism for the collisionpressure. The kerr cell, also referred to as a kerr electrooptical shutter, is a device employing the kerr effect to interrupt a beam of light up to 10 1 0 times per second. First it is studied the anisotropic media in general where is deduced the electro optic tensor and the appropriate indexes ellipsoid expressions to a crystal such as lithium niobate, for a uniaxial media. The kerr effect is distinct from the pockels effect in that the induced index change is directly proportional to the square of the electric field instead of varying linearly with it. Request pdf electrooptics the electrooptic effect is the modification of the refractive index of a material crystal or glass, caused by an. Large secondharmonic generation and linear electrooptic. Here we will discuss on electrooptic pockels and kerr effects. Electrooptic materials and applications springerlink.
Modeling of straininduced pockels effect in silicon. Characterization of linear electrooptic effect of poled. Wise2 1department of chemistry and chemical biology, cornell university, ithaca, new york 14853, usa 2department of applied and engineering physics, cornell university, ithaca, new york 14853, usa. In kerr cell modulators, the electro optic effect is a function of the square of the e robert goldstein is president of lasermetrics, inc. The field dependence of absorption in the ge films was measured from. The electro optic effect has also been used in silicon pn junctions to induce rapid and precise phase shifts, however, this comes at the expense of optical loss, and has poor spectral selectivity. The goal of this thesis is to reevaluate both tengman and attenuated total reflection atr methods for measuring the linear electrooptic eo coefficients of poled organic thin films based on a multilayer structure containing a transparent conducting oxide tco layer. Propagation of weak optic signals in strong quasistatic fields description using renormalized linear parameters. In many linear electrooptic devices the longitudinal effect is used, that is, the light beam and electric field are parallel. Integrated electrooptic sensor based transient voltage.
The four electro optic effects in the order listed here are respectively the analogues of the first four magneto optic effects. Reflection mode the second category of magneto optic effects deals with reflected light from the surface of a magnetized material. The electrooptic effect is the phenomenon that the refractive index of a material can be modified with an electric field. Midinfrared electrooptic modulation in fewlayer black. You may subscribe either as an osa member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
The electrooptic phenomena as described in this book deal entirely with the effect of an electric field on the index of refraction of materials in the solid state. This effect is usually found in colloidal solutions of magnetic particles and as m might be large 0cm is too. This is the basis of the electro optic display device called the surface. Retardation, interference colors in anisotropic crystals, the two rays of light produced by double refraction travel at different velocities through the crystal. This effect is useful for the production of a large number of optical devices, such as phase modulators, dynamic wave retarders, intensity modulators, scanners, and directional couplers. Request pdf large secondharmonic generation and linear electrooptic effect in trigonal selenium and tellurium trigonal selenium and tellurium crystalize in helical chainlike structures and. The method utilizes the electro optic sampling, and we use a chargecoupled device to detect a spatial distribution of the probe beam polarization rotation by the efieldinduced pockels effect in. We will look at a certain class of crystals centrosymmetric crystal which will remain unaffected as regards this pockels effect, but will exhibit kerr effect then we will. Longitudinal effect devices are particularly useful for light beams of large crosssectional area. The optical power of a ld is a function of the injection current, and thus a convenient way to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal is through the direct modulation of the injection current.
Some practical applications of the faraday magnetooptic. Onchip dispersion measurement of the quadratic electro. Electrooptic modulation is an important functionality in an optical transmitter, which translates electrical signals into the optical domain. Cellulose electrooptic effect oregon state university. These frequencydomain results show the effect of eo detection of a pulse of thz radiation as the product of three spectral filters acting on the complex amplitude spectrum of the thz pulse that is. Some practical applications of the faraday magneto optic effect, the kerr electro optic effect, and the pockels electro optic effect in the early decades of the 20th century. It takes the slow ray longer to traverse the crystal than it takes the fast ray. The electrooptic effect is the modification of the refractive index by an externally applied electrostatic field. In reference 7, the overvoltage was captured first by a capacitive voltage divider, then transformed to an optical signal by an electro optic sensor, which solved the insulation problem 7. This effect can occur only in noncentrosymmetric materials. An electrooptic effect is a change in the optical properties of a material in response to an electric field that varies slowly compared with the frequency of light.
Other electrooptic devices use the transverse effect with the light beam perpendicular to the applied field. Scrymgeour, alok sharan, and venkatraman gopalana materials research institute and department of materials science and engineering. Pdf large electrooptic effect in tensile strained geon. As in the case of piezoelectricity, described in the previous chapter, electro optic effects are observed only in materials that are noncentrosymmetric. In the particular case of the pockels effect, also called linear electro optic effect. Longitudinal electrooptic modulation using a poled. Terahertz imaging via electrooptic effect request pdf. We present a complete frequencydomain description of electro optic eo detection of terahertz thz electromagnetic radiation, including a description of the ellipsometry technique employed. T he electrooptic am plitude m odulator e o a m is a pockels cell type m odulator con sistin g of tw o m atched lithium n iobate crystals packaged in a com pact housin g w ith an r f in put con n ector. Anomalous electrooptic effect in sr ba nb o single. Sumfrequency generation from optically active liquids in the presence of a dc electric field p.